Korean nature beauty in verses

The paintings in poetry
by Yun Seondo


Paintings in poetry. These are the visual verses by Yun Seondo (윤선도, hanja 尹善道, 1587–1671), the most important Korean poet of Joseon Korea (1392 – 1897) and one of the masters of Korean literature. His poems paint Korean nature beauty in perpetual passage of seasons. Yun’s poetic form is sijo (시조, “time rhythm”) made of three lines of lyrical subject in which there is a solid and profound reference to real and symbolic elements of nature. Shortness makes sijo be very penetrating as other poetic forms of Far East for example Japanese haiku.
Sijo developed in last years of Goryeo kingdom (918 – 1392) and it probably was an oral poetry then written out by Confucian monks around XI century and it reaches its climax during Joseon period in the same years of Yun Seondo. Sijo was originally set to music and it had a Confucian or Taoist religious subject.
Yun Seondo writes innovative and very original verses although he refers to classical sijo. His style is pictorial. His poems show misty landscapes and rivers of Korea like a shan shui painting (山水, “mountain-water”). Natural elements are depicted by few neat strokes as a calligrapher and painter’s brushstrokes. Few strokes which sketch out the landscape that our imagination completes. Lonely mountain (고산, Kosan) and Old Man of the Sea (해옹, Haeong) – pennames used often by Yun Seondo – evoke his profound link with nature. In his verses nature is depicted in its real and symbolic beauty. One of his most famous poems is Songs on Five Friends (오우가, hanja 五友歌, Owuga) composed in 1642 during his exile in Haenam (해남군, “South sea county”) in south-western Korean peninsula: 내 벗이 몇인가하 ᄒᆞ니 수석과 송죽이라 / 동산의 ᄃᆞᆯ오르니 긔더옥 반갑고야 / 두어라 이다ᄉᆞᆺ밧긔 또더ᄒᆞ야 머엇ᄒᆞ리 - You ask how many friends I have ? Water and stone, bamboo and pine / The moon rising over the eastern hill is a joyful companion / Besides these five friends, what other pleasure should I ask ? This sijo is apparently simple though its symbolism calls to mind Chinese classical tradition. In these verses there is the presence of moon which is very important in Far East art and literature and there is also the quotation of pine and bamboo, two of “Three Friends in Winter” (岁寒三友) together with plum. These plants which brave the cold winter - pine by its sturdiness and mightiness, bamboo by its flexibility and strength and plum by its strong beauty - symbolize aplomb of wise man even during misfortune. Yun Seondo indirectly refers to his incident as exiled from court for long. “Three Friends in Winter” are beloved subjects in Chinese, Korean and Japanese panting as the painting by Chinese master Zhao Mengjian (趙孟堅, 1199 -1264/67) held at National Palace Museum of Taipei.
The masterpiece of Yun is Four Seasons of a Fisherman (어부사시사, hanja 漁父四時詞, Eobusasisa), written in 1651, made of forty sijo and divided into four groups of ten poems, one for each season. Variation of seasons’ colours and landscapes is seen by an hermit fisherman’s eyes (漁父, the occupational fisherman is in fact written with characters 漁夫) and seasons’ time is beaten by his boat. It seems that Yun Seondo has been inspired by painting to write this work too. Landscapes during four seasons are subject of many paintings and in these works a fisherman is often depicted as in Solitary angler on the wintry lake by Ma Yuan (马远, c. 1160/65 – 1225) which is the first example of this kind of painting. In this work held at Tokyo National Museum we see a lonely stationary boat in the cold stillness of a winter lake. In Chinese classical poetry fisherman symbolizes wisdom and simplicity of a way of living which ties to nature. Four Seasons of a Fisherman are not only pictorial poems, they are even “sounding” thanks to onomatopoeia. The sound of anchor chain and of oars is expressed by refrain chigukch'ong, chigukch'ong, oshwa ! (지국총 지국총 어사와) after lines one and three of every sijo. These words give rhythm to all the poem. Fisherman lives in nature and all natural elements seem to show themselves during his fishing. It seems that nature itself takes part in his fishing for example when moon comes back home together with fisherman in the seventh sijo of spring.
In Yun Seondo sijo nature is always depicted as a part of the life and it is admired through its dramatic beauty. Nature is never drawn as something faraway from human beings. In his poems we can discover the profound root of Korean culture, a culture which expresses calm and disquieting enchantment of nature through art and literature.
This is why reading of Yun Seondo moves and surprises even nowadays.


Floriano Terrano







윤선도 시인의 시와 그림


산 윤선도 선생은 조선시대(1392~1897) 중기에 태어나 조선조 시조문학을 장식한 대시인(大詩人)이다. 초장, 중장, 종장으로 구성되는 3장의 정형시로 계절마다 변하는 자연의 아름다움을 표현한 윤선도 선생의 시조는 훗날 일본의 하이쿠(Haiku : 17 음절로 구성된 일본의 전통 단시)의 탄생에도 영향을 주기도 하였다.
‘시조’는 고려(918~1392) 중엽에 발생한 한국 전통시 양식 중의 하나이며 윤선도 선생이 태어난 조선시대에 집중적으로 향유되었던 문학이다.
옛 방식을 따르지 않고 독자적이고 획기적인 창의성을 발휘하여 지은 윤선도 선생의 시조는 한 폭의 풍경화처럼 자연의 경관을 아름답게 묘사하고 있다. 자연을 사랑했던 윤선도 선생의 호는 고산(외로운 산) 또는 해웅(바다의 노인)으로서 1642년 해남군 유배생활 당시에 지은 ‘오우가’라는 시조 <내 벗이 몇인가하 ᄒᆞ니 수석과 송죽이라 / 동산의 ᄃᆞᆯ오르니 긔더옥 반갑고야 / 두어라 이다ᄉᆞᆺ밧긔 또더ᄒᆞ야 머엇ᄒᆞ리 (나의 벗이 몇이나 있느냐 헤아려 보니 물과 돌과 소나무, 대나무다. 게다가 동쪽 산에 달이 밝게 떠오르니 그것은 더욱 반가운 일이로구나. 그만 두자, 이 다섯 가지면 그만이지 이 밖에 다른 것이 더 있은들 무엇하겠는가?)> 에서는 동양문화에서 가장 중요한 의미를 가지는 ‘달’과 강한 절개를 나타내는 ‘소나무’ 그리고 침착하고 곧은 의지를 나타내는 ‘대나무’를 친구로서 형상화하여 이들에 대한 짙은 애정을 드러내고 있다.
봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울로 나뉘어 각각 10수씩 모두 40수로 되어있는 ‘어부사시사’는 윤선도 선생의 1651년 작품으로서 어부의 시각에서 바라본 사계절을 아름답게 묘사하고 있다. 사계절 중 특히 겨울 바다의 ‘어부’를 외로운 느낌으로 표현한 일본이나 자연에 의지하며 살아가는 것으로 표현한 중국의 문학과는 달리 윤선도 선생은 자연과 하나되어 살아가는 ‘어부’의 생활을 노래하였다. 이는 봄을 노래한 ‘춘사’ 7절에서 ‘달과 함께 귀가하는’ 모습을 표현한 것에서도 찾을 수 있다. 또한 ‘지국총 지국총 어사와’라는 형상화된 의성어를 각 절마다 후렴구로 사용하여 노 젓는 소리와 어부들의 흥겨움을 나타냄으로서 그 상황을 선연하게 그려볼 수 있도록 표현하고 있다.
자연을 사랑하고 그것과 하나된 윤선도 선생은 작품을 통해 속세를 떠나 자연에 묻힌 삶을 묘사하고 자연의 아름다움을 찬양하였다. 순수 국어를 사용하여 자연을 제재로 한 많은 작품을 탄생시켰고, 자연을 생활화 하였으며, 자연에 접근하는 다양한 문학적 방법으로 자연의 황홀함을 표현한 한국 조선 문화의 대표자가 되었다. 오늘날 까지도 윤선도 선생의 작품은 널리 읽혀지고 놀라움을 자아내고 있다.


플로리아노 테라노