Showing posts with label Film. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Film. Show all posts



「家族は大変!」


2016年9月 - 日本映画祭「家族は大変!」
フロリアーノ・テッラーノ監修四つの物語の四つの家族。日本映画祭「家族は大変!」では、家族を題材にした映画を四つご紹介します。
1953年の小津安二郎の傑作である『東京物語』は、戦後の日本の物語。東京に住む子どもたちを年老いた両親が訪ねます。滝田洋二郎の『おくりびと』は、2007年に始まる経済危機の時期の作品です。同じく、黒沢清の『トウキョウソナタ』(2008年)は、家族の大黒柱が突然仕事を失った結果 始まる物語です。最後を締めくくるのは、是枝裕和の2013年の映画『そして父になる』。多忙な日常における両親の姿に多くの厳しい問いを投げかけます。
四つの物語はどれもが、何らかの突発的な変化により、家庭のそれまでの日常生活が破綻した状況におけるストーリーです。嘘や、言葉にできない恨みつらみ、無理解、モヤモヤした気持ちなどの中に、我々は日本の伝統的家族の崩壊を見ることになります。ですが、東京という、孤独に動じぬ背景の中で新しい人生を受け入れることにより、デラックスな終焉とは程遠いながらも、かすかな希望をもって映画は終わるのです。
映画は以下の予定で、MABIC di Maranello前広場で屋外上映いたします。

- 9月7日(水曜日)21時
『東京物語』(小津安二郎、1953年)
- 9月14日(水曜日)21時
『おくりびと』(滝田洋二郎、2008年)
- 9月21日(水曜日)21時
『トウキョウソナタ』(黒沢清、2008年)
- 9月28日(水曜日)21時
『そして父になる』(是枝裕和、2013年)

さらに9月17日(土曜日)16時、MABICにてフロリアーノ・テッラーノによるカンファレンスが行われます。「君が代 - 伝統と変遷の日本を見る」の第5回目は、「渋い。日本映画の深遠なるシンプルさ、そのずば抜けたセンス」。初期の日本映画は日本の伝統文化にインスピレーションを受けており、歌舞伎や能舞台の作品から引用された物語が表されていました。このような初期作品が後に、日本映画において今も繰り返し使われるモチーフ(歴史的な物語、幽霊やお化けの話、家族の話など)となっていきます。
1950年代には日本映画という芸術が咲き誇り、西洋も日本の巨匠を知りそして賞賛するようになっていきます。他の言語の映画とは根本的に異なるスタイルで、しかし普遍的で理解しやすい。日本映画は人間性を余すところなく見せてくれるのです。
『君が代 ~ 日本の伝統と変化』のキュレーターFloriano Terrano(フロリアーノ ・テッラーノ) 東アジア諸国や特に日本についての文化や芸術また社会についてなど、幅広い分野で記事を書く。それらの記事はイタリアの新聞や雑誌また海外向けの月刊誌などに記載されている。様々な視点からみた東アジア諸国の文化や社会についての講演会をイタリア各地で行っている。日本人の芸術家の展覧会のキュレーターと主催者もしている。記事や活動等は彼のブログ www.higashishinbun.blogspot.com にてご覧いただけます。


※ インフォメーションと予約

Mabic, tel. 0536240028, e-mail: biblio.maranello@comune.maranello.mo.it 


自由への、夢が行きつくその先は、流れに任せる船の上

〜今村昌平の
『エロ事師たちより 人類学入門』〜


 たして、ポルノ映画の制作者や監督が家庭の中で良い父、或いは良い義父になれるのか? これが、映画『エロ事師たちより 人類学入門』を見て私の頭にふと浮かんだ疑問である。
 『エロ事師たちより 人類学入門』は、1966年の今村昌平監督作品である(制作は今村プロと日活)。今村昌平(19262006)は、小津安二郎の助監督時代を経てのち、黒澤明と溝口健二と共に、20世紀における最も重要な日本映画監督のひとりに数えられるようになる。
 そして、今村監督によるこの物語は、野坂昭如の1963年の小説『エロ事師たち(えろごとしたち)』を原作としたものである。
 小沢昭一(19292012)演ずる緒方スブやんは、ブルーフィルムの制作者だ。スブやんは、未亡人 松田春(坂本スミ子扮する。1936〜)と春の娘 恵子(佐川啓子)、息子 幸一(近藤正臣、1942〜)と共に暮らしている。
 緒方スブやんはその全ての稼ぎを、心臓病を患う春の治療費と、幸一を大学に行かせ、恵子を高校に通わせるための費用に充てている。彼はこのとおり、父親、そして夫としての責務を大変よく果たしている。しかし、その本当の仕事は秘密である。スブやんがどのようにしてお金を稼いでいるかということを、家族は知らないのだ。
 しかしながら、そんなある日、スブやんは俄に警察に逮捕されてしまう。彼の不法の生業が摘発されたのだった。そこで家族は初めて真実を知ることとなる。春はスブやんを赦すのだが、容態が悪くなり、とつぜん死んでしまう。春の息子 幸一はスブやんを非難する。スブやんを嫌う彼は義父から離れるために他の家に引っ越そうとするものの、家を借りるためにスブやんの“卑猥な”お金を使ってしまう。恵子だけは、随分以前からひそかに継父を愛していたため、スブやんの情愛に感謝の念を抱き、そして最終的には彼と結婚することになる、といったようなストーリーである。
 映画では、登場人物の人生を表す中でいくつか、形而上の表現や、超自然的なものの変な出現があったりする。春の部屋の水槽で彼女は鯉を飼っているのだが、春はその鯉は亡くなった夫の生まれ変わりだと思っている。何か悪い事が起こりそうなときには、鯉は落ち着かない様子で水の外に飛び跳ねるのである。当然ながらスブやんは鯉にいちいち神経を逆撫でされている。と同時に恐怖を感じている。そしてあるときカッとなって、家の近くの川に鯉を捨ててしまう。しかしその3日後…、スブやんは春の部屋にある水槽の中に、またもやあの鯉が泳いでいるのを見て驚愕し、恐怖で震え上がるのだった。
 さらに、スブやんが春の家にいるときに突然、微笑む女の奇妙な幻影が現れる。スブやんは幽霊の出現に大変なパニックに陥る。幽霊とは、裏切り者に復讐するためにこの世に戻って来ているのだから、そりゃあ恐しいのである。スブやんはひざまずき頭を床にすりつけて、幽霊に出て行ってもらう。そして家にお坊さんを呼び、家を護るためにお経を唱えてもらうのである。
 私はこの映画の底に、日本の伝統的な宗教である「仏教」と「神道」の奔流を感じる。また、幽霊などの形而上的、超自然的な性格をもつものの登場に、私は「能楽」の表現方法の影響を感じるのである。
 映画の中で一番美しいのは、病気の春がベッドで寝ている様子を、鯉が泳いでいる水槽の向こう側に見るシーンである。我々観客は、春の旦那さんの生まれかわりの鯉が春を見るように彼女を見、まるで水の中にいるように彼女の言葉を聞いているのだ。
 恵子と結婚した後もスブやんは、ブルーフィルムの世界で仕事をし続ける。そしてその仕事が、夢と、実現不可能な欲望へと彼をかきたてる。つまり、社会の中で彼に課され彼を苦しめる、すべての道徳的で倫理的なルールからの開放である。外部からの押しつけ無しに、本能のままに生きたい。だが、スブやんの夢は最後に崩壊する。そして彼はひとり、敗北を喫する…。
 映画の最後のシーンは、スブやんの挫折、そして、スブやんの人生との別離を象徴するものだ。自由の中で生きるという、重く、そして無為な幻想を載せた彼の舟が、海を漂流するのである。

フロリアーノ・テッラーノ




The Dream to Be Free Ends
with a Drifting Boat


The Pornographers:
Introduction to anthropology
by Imamura Shōhei


Could a pornographic films producer and director be also a good father, or better a good stepfather? This is the nonconformist question on which is based The pornographers: introduction to anthropology (エロ事師たちより 人類学入門, 1966) by Imamura Shōhei (今村 昌平, 1926 – 2006) produced by Imamura Productions and Nikkatsu (日活株式会社). 
Imamura Shōhei was the main direction assistant of Ozu Yasujirō, the most representative Japanese movie director of the XXth century together with Kurosawa Akira and Kenji Mizouguchi. The movie directed by Shōhei is based on the novel The Pornographers (エロ事師たち Erogotoshi-tachi, 1963) of Akiyuki Nosaka (野坂 昭如).   
Ogata Subuyan (Ozawa Shōichi) is a pornographer and he lives with the widow Masuda Haru (Sakamoto Sumiko) and her two children Koichi (Kondo Masaomi) and Keiko (Sagawa Keiko). Mr. Ogata spends all his money to pay treatments for Haru, who is heartily ill, and to make Koichi go to University and Keiko go to high school. He takes husband’s and father’s places very well although he doesn’t tell his family what is his real job and how he could earn money. But suddenly he is arrested by police because of his illegal job and his family discovers all the truth. Haru excuses Subuyan but she, who has become very sick, suddenly dies; instead Koichi denigrates him and he wants to move house to go away from his stepfather but he uses Mr. Ogata’s money to rent another house. 
Only Keiko, who has loved her stepfather in secret for much time, is capable of appreciating him and she’ll eventually marry him. During the movie some metaphysical revelations and strange apparitions come in the life of the characters. A carp lives in a tub in Huru’s room and she thinks that it is the reincarnation of her husband’s soul; when something bad is happening, the carp becomes restless and it leaps out from water. Subuyan is irritated by the carp and at the same time he is scared of it, and when he furiously throws it away in the river near his house, three days later he is stunned by looking at the same carp swimming again in the tub. During his stay in Haru’s house, Subuyan is obsessed by the sudden apparition of the strange figure of a woman smiling at him. He is very frightened of this yūrei, a ghost or better the personification of some human frames of mind like rage or revenge, and, while it appears, he kneels down scratching his head to chase it away. For this reason, he makes some Buddhist monks pray and bless his house.
This movie has got some strong relations with Japanese traditional religions, both Buddhism and Shintoism, and with the , the most noble type of Japanese theatre, which is characterized by the presence of some metaphysical characters like yūrei. The most beautiful scene is when Haru is lying down sick in the bed and we can look at her from the water where the carp in which lives her husband’s soul is swimming. We can also listen to Haru’s words like we were immersed in the water of the carp’s tub.
Also after his marriage with Keiko, Mr. Ogata continues to be a pornographer and his job makes him have a dream and an impossible aim: to be free of all society moral and ethical rules that make him suffer. He would like to live instinctively and without external impositions. But Mr. Ogata’s dream will be at last dissolved and he will be alone with his failure. The final scene represents his defeat and his leave from life: he drifts in the sea with his boat loaded with his heavy and useless illusion to live in freedom.

(The Pornographers trailer www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3EEjzrHY1A)

Floriano Terrano



In the abyss of passion

The housemaid (1960) by Kim Ki-young




Korean cinema achieved resounding success in the West lately. Directors like Lee Chang-dong  (이창동李滄東), Park Chan-wook (박찬욱, 朴贊郁) and above all Kim Ki-duk (김기덕, 金基德) have been awarded in many film festivals. 
Especially Kim Ki-duk is maybe the most famous Korean director in the world even though he is not well appreciated just in Korea since his style is very different from Koean sensitivity and sometimes it follows the eccentricities often empty of Western contemporary cinema up to exasperation.
Nevertheless in the past we can find a great master of Korean cinema almost unknown, a profound innovator: Kim Ki-young (김기영, 金綺泳, 1922-1998).  His interest in cinema and drama started during his stay in Japan before Second World war and he devoted himself to cinema since early 50's. 
His masterpiece is The housemaid (하녀, 下女, Hanyeo, 1960) inspired by a real occurrence which happened in Korea and written in newspapers. Dong-shik (Kim Jin-kyu, 김진규, 金振奎, 1922-1998) is a piano master who lives a quite life together with his wife (Ju Jeung-ryu, 주증녀, 侏曾女, 1926 - 1980) and their two children (the son is the famous actor Ahn Sung-ki, 안성기, 安聖基, at that time 8 years old). When the pregnant wife feels faint, one of his piano student (Um Aing-ran, 엄앵란, 嚴鶯蘭) introduces a young housemaid to him (Lee Eun-shim, 이은심) to help his family do housework. From then on nothing will be the same and the presence of housemaid will pierce inch by inch the heart of family deeply like a frightful blade. The young housemaid acts in a disquieting way: she grabs rats with her bare hands, eavesdrops all the speeches and springs up from every angle of the apartment altering rhythms and affections of family. She seduces the piano master and she becomes pregnant. When his wife discovers that fact, she persuades the housemaid to have an abortion by falling down from the flight of stairs. 
Little by little breaks apart one by one and all the relatives fall into the abyss where the housemaid herself pushes them. Finally the housemaid leads the piano master to ingest  rat poison and kill himself. The end is like another movie in the movie: we discover that the piano master imagined all the happening after reading an incident on newspaper and exhorts the spectators to be careful since the same event of the film could occur to everybody.
Highlights of movie are all focused on the housemaid: while she makes the dead mouse dangle hung down by its tail from her hand in the kitchen; the housemaid’s passionate play of eyes during the courting of the piano master; she while eavesdrops the familiar discussion from the terrace of her room in the rain; her act of seduction by putting her bare feet on the shoes of the piano master; while she makes drink the glass of water to master’s son who suspects it has been poisoned. In this movie innovative fact is the very mobile camera.


Kim Ki-young outlines the female personages of movie highlighting different characters and psyches: the faithful wife who suffers the adultery of her husband and she worries about the good reputation of her family, the young pupil in love with her master and above all the housemaid - real protagonist of the movie – personage of devil woman who dismembers little by little all the prearranged order of the family which is the bearing pillar of society in a nation profoundly Confucian like Korea. The house where the event takes place becomes the grip by which are clutched all the family members with no way of escape. The male is the unaware victim of  the cruel female trick. The excellent interpretation of housemaid by Lee Eun-shim and her leer made the film almost “real” for the spectators at that time, so much that during the show Korean audience yelled angrily at the big screen “kill the bitch!” against the housemaid. Lee Eun-shim will never be casted again in Korea: because of her admirable interpretation of housemaid, all the spectators hated her look itself since they connected her and the housemaid. That’s why Korean directors will never choose her again.


The character of devilish and cruel woman who uses sex to subvert the family order will be the main theme of further movies of Korean director: Insect Woman (충녀, Chungnyeo, 1972) and Iodo (이어도, Iodo, 1977). However no one film will be as successful, meaningful and outstanding as The housemaid. In 2010 director Im Sang-soo (임상수, 林常樹) shot a remake of The housemaid with Jeon Do-yeon (전도연, 全度) playing the part of housemaid. Nevertheless this movie has not the same dark atmosphere of the masterpiece by Kim Ki-young.
The work of Kim Ki-young is deeply original and the only director who can be compared to Kim Ki-young is the Japanese director Imamura Shōhei (今村 昌平, 1926 – 2006) who in his movies brings up very similar subjects with the woman as the utmost protagonist of male’s dreams and above all nightmares.


(The Housemaid re-release trailer  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm7zZcvnw04)


Floriano Terrano



Strength that sprouts from grace

Woman in Korean history

Courage, beauty, genius


Woman’s role in Korea nowadays is the fruit of strong and tenacious Korean female nature. From dawn of history in Korea there are some emblematic female figures which are examples of courage, devotion, beauty and genius even in a society generally not much 
open to women. Confucianism – Korea’s main religion together with Buddhism - is normally not favourably disposed towards women. Instead Shamanism gives more importance to women and mudang (무당, hanja 巫堂) shaman is generally female. In some villages of the southern island of Jeju-do there are matriarchal societies leaded by haenyo (해녀, 海女, “sea women”), very skilled fisherwomen of seafood in the cold waters of the island. They are the real heads of the family and they let their husbands do housework. Queen Seondeok of Silla (선덕여왕, 善德女王, 632-647) shines in the end of Three Kingdoms period (57 BC – 668 AD). Samguk Yusa (삼국유사, 三國遺事, “Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms”, completed in 1280) - the historical work by Buddhist monk Il-yeon (일연, 一然,1206-1289) - tells that Seondeok promoted the building of the astronomical observatory Cheomseongdae (첨성대, “stars-gazing tower”) near the capital Gyeongju. Seondeok commissioned also one of the largest Korean buildings ever built, the nine-story wooden pagoda of Hwangryongsa (황룡사, “Golden/Yellow Dragon Temple” or “Imperial Dragon Temple”) nowadays collapsed. Both Samguk Yusa and Samguk Sagi (삼국사기, 三國史記 “Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms”, completed in 1145) by Kim Bu-sik (김부식, 金富軾, 1075 – 1151) tell of an anecdote about Seondeok’s cleverness: when Chinese Emperor Tang Taizong (唐太宗, 626 – 649) gave young princess Seondeok’s father Jinpeyong a case of peony seeds and a painting representing the peony flowers, she looking at the painting said that peonies were without doubt wonderful flowers but lacking in fragrance, since neither butterflies nor bees were depicted on the flowers. In 2009 MBC television produced a serial dedicated to Queen Seondeok performed by actress Lee Yo-Won (이요원, 李瑤媛). Kisaeng (기생) – female entertainers of royal court and of nobility yangban (양반) – were women endowed with great culture, artistic talent and extraordinary beauty. First kisaeng appeared probably at the beginning of Goryeo period (918 - 1392) or maybe before in Unified Silla period (668 - 935) even if their earliest mention is at the beginning of 11th century. Art of kisaeng was the fruit of a strict and careful school education which lasted no less than 3 years and the entertainers had to know not only music, dance and poetry but also embroidery and medicine. Seoul excelled in number of kisaeng whereas Pyongyang shined at beauty and ability of entertainers. Kisaeng lived in common houses in the central districts of cities, often close to marketplaces. Career of kisaeng peaked normally when they were 16 or 17 years old and it declined yet when they were 25 years old. The age limit for kisaeng was 50 years although very few of them worked until this age. Normally they were members of lowest caste of commoners cheonmin (천민) even if their manners were refined and delicate since they related always to nobility. Kisaeng’s daughters were groomed for being entertainers as well and as Japan’s geisha who had a patron called danna kisaeng had strong relationship with gibu who aided them economically too. As Japanese geisha also kisaeng were source of inspiration for writers and painters who sang of their artistic skills and portrayed their beauty. The main character of Chunhyangga (춘향가) - a pansori written in 1870 by Shin Jae-hyo (신재효, 申在孝,1817 - 84) – is in fact a kisaeng and painter Hyewon (혜원, 蕙園, 1778 – 1813 ca.) in his famous Portrait of a Beauty (미인도, 美人圖) depicts just a kisaeng. Nevertheless there is a big difference between geisha and kisaeng. In Japan female entertainers are never involved in political affairs instead in Korea they are often implicated in important events due to their profession. For example kisaeng were offered to Chinese ambassadors as presents during their visits to Korea. Kisaeng themselves were the first to mess with foreign generals of occupying armies in wartime. During Japanese invasions of Korea also known as Imjin War (임진왜란, 壬辰倭亂, “Japanese Invasion of the Imjin Year”, 1592 - 1598) kisaeng Nongae (논개, 論介) distinguished herself by her devotion to Korea. In 1593 she embraced Japanese general Keyamura Rokusuke (毛谷村 六助) and together with him cast herself into the river Nam which flows under the pavilion Chokseongnu in Jinju, in the South of Korean peninsula. Every may the Nongae Festival is held in her honour and in Jinju castle there is still the “rock of righteousness” Uiam (의암, 義巖) from where Nongae jumped down to save her country from Japanese invaders. Some kisaeng are very famous also nowadays for their artistic skills and beauty. Yi Mae-chang (이매창, 李梅窓, 1573-1610) was very skilful at playing geomungo (거문고), the string instrument of Korean tradition very similar to Chinese gunqin and to Japanese koto. The most famous is without dubt Hwang Jin-i (황진이, 黃眞伊, 1520 ca. – 1560 ca.). Her figure inspired many contemporary novels, like that of North-Korean writer Hong Sok-jung (홍석중, 洪錫中), and a successful drama produced by KBS in 2006 and performed by actress Ha Jiwon (하지원, 河智媛) who played the character of beautiful Jin-i. Bright Moon Myeongwol (명월, 明月) – the name of Hwang Jin-i as a kisaeng – wrote many breathtaking sijo poems which make her one of major poets of Far East. Her verses are almost always about love and they are often full of melancholy for her lover who has left or is away or for night waiting for beloved’s arrival. Here is one of her most significant sijo: 동짓달 기나긴 밤을 한 허리를 버혀 내어 / 춘풍 니불 아래 서리서리 넣었다가 / 어론님 오신 날 밤이어든 굽이굽이 펴리라 – Oh that I might cut in two to waistline the long midwinter night / that I might roll it up and put it under the warm quilt of spring breeze / and I will unroll it in the night when my beloved arrives. In another sijo Jin-i plays on her pen-name Bright Moon and she asks her lover to spend the night with her: […]일도창해(一到滄海)하면 다시 오기 어려우니 / 명월(明月)이 만공산(滿空山)할 제 쉬어간들 어떠리 - […] when you will venture out to sea it will be hard to go back / the bright moon is over the bare mountain, how about remaining here to rest? Gracefulness and refinement of these verses are only one side of Korean woman’s soul. Passion for lover is often the mirror of love for homeland. In fact in Korea there are lots of examples of female patriotism. Empress Myeongseong also known as Queen Min (명성황후, 明成皇后, 1873 - 1895) would have formed an alliance between Korea and Russia to hold back Japanese influence on Korean peninsula. For this reason on the 8th of October 1895 she was killed by some killers hired by Japanese lieutenant general Miura Gorō (三浦 梧楼, 1847 - 1926) in the Okhoru pavilion (옥호루, 玉壺樓) of Gyeongbokgung palace. This episode is known as Eulmi Incident (을미사변, 乙未事變) in Korean history. Twenty-five years later student Yu Kwan-sun (유관순, 柳寬順,1902 - 1920) protested against Japanese occupation in Tapgol Park of Seoul (탑골 공원, 塔골公園, “Pagoda Park”) waving Korean flag during the days of Samil Movement (삼일 운동, 三一運動, “March First Movement”) and for this reason she was arrested and then killed. Empress Sunjeong (순정효황후, 純貞孝皇后, 1894 - 1966) – spouse of Korea’s last emperor Sunjong Yunghui (순종 융희제, 純宗 隆熙帝, 1907 – 1910) – withstood violence of North Korea to the last during Korean War (1950 – 1953) and she escaped to Busan on foot when she had no option but to leave Changdeok Palace. Achievements of woman’s condition in Korean society became very important above all after 1948 thanks to equality regarding state and laws and after 1985 thanks to Equal Employment Act which set parity between men and women in working world. Very significant achievements which recently made percentage of female employment very high in Korea. However these successes are the fruit of brave and graceful character of women of The Land of the Morning Calm and they could have been impossible without the noble example of heroines of the past.

(Hwang Jin-i KBS drama music performed by Choi Hie-jin, 최혜진 www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHoPyE59nys&feature=related)
Floriano Terrano



Yamato Nadeshiko
.
The image of woman in Japan
between the real and ideal

A while ago in Japan there was this way of saying: hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi (花は桜木人は武士, "cherry blossom among flowers, samurai among men"). Therefore ideal man was samurai. However,nowadays samurai do not exist anymore. What about ideal woman, then? Japanese woman was Yamato Nadeshiko (大和撫子, “Japanese Dianthus superbus”), a very delicate and snow-white flower with silk-like petals. As this flower which grows even on the mountains, woman should be delicate yet powerful, beautiful yet humble, faithful and wise. She should be Good Wife, Wise Mother (良妻賢母, ryōsai-kenbo) according to the words of philosopher Nakamura Masanao (中村 正直, 1832 - 1891). Is this dream woman still alive in Japan nowadays?
They say Japan is a male chauvinist country. It's quite so if we look at Japan from the outside. Nevertheless if we look inside we will discover a different reality that is woman has been the heart of Japanese culture and she is like that still now. Japanese woman has influenced religion, literature and art of Japan with her delicate and fascinating figure. Female beauty is well described by main Japanese writers up to novelists of twentieth century. Some of female main characters of modern Japanese literature are Kyoko of The inn of "hina" dolls (雛の宿, 1953) by Mishima Yukio - mysterious and evanescent as an hinamatsuri doll - the woman who "lends" her one arm to a man all through the night as an idol worship in One Arm (片腕, 1933) by Kawabata Yasunari, the disquieting and desperate woman of Sand woman (砂の女, 1962) by Abe Kōbō.
Anyway women portrayed in passages of the books by Tanizaki Jun'ichirō represent the most profound image of unattainable and disquieting mystery of female soul. Sadistic Fumiko of Fumiko's feet (富美子の足, 1919), whimsical and seductive Naomi of A Fool's Love (痴人の愛, 1924), the mother figure of Longing for Mother (母を恋ふる記, 1919) who is charming as a luring nocturnal fox. All Tanizaki women are beautiful and thinly cruel to their lover. They are downright megami (女神), Shinto goddess to be worshiped.
Many ukiyo-e artists depicted bijinga (美人畫), pictures of ideal beauties who were often women of brothels of Yoshiwara quarter in Edo. Kitagawa Utamaro is perhaps the artist who pursued more than others the ideal of female beauty. In his well-known woodblock print Beauty in front of mirror in close-up we can see the neck hairline (項, unaji) which is one of women's most attractive body parts. Kimono wraps the female body up and it uncovers nape and feet only. Bijinga themes are continued nowadays by photographer Hoshino Komaro (星野 小麿) who gets inspired by geisha and their body parts in his works like Ukiyo-e Kuzushi (浮世絵くずし, 1984).
Geisha generally make up nape in a W shape. Nape should be “similar to the shape of the moon” and “smooth as a pearl” according to Bijo sanjūnisō (美女三十二相, “The 32 Distinguishing Marks of Beautiful Woman”) by Hasegawa Settei (1819 – 1882), a printed work which depicts the 32 characteristics of ideal female body. Thirty-three is the same number of Lakkhaṇa (三十二相, sanjūnisō), the physical characteristics of the Buddha. Therefore female beauty is compared to divinity.
The idea of female beauty as divine essence underlies Tanizaki's works. In the novel Diary of a Mad Old Man (瘋癲老人日記, 1961-62) old Tokusuke is so attracted to his daughter-in-law Satsuko as to wish to have her footprints carved on his gravestone as the sacred footprints of the Buddha (仏足石, bussokuseki) in Yakushiji Temple at Nara. There are many fine passages in Tanizaki's books about female feet beauty. For example in The Floating Bridge of Dreams (夢浮橋, 1959) goldfishes come closer to woman's feet nearly to kiss them.
According to Bijo sanjūnisō ideal foot shoud have “the back like a snow heap” i. e. small and snow-white. Kuki Shūzō too in his book The Structure of "Iki" (「いき」の構造, 1930) affirms that nape and feet are the main body parts of female beauty since these parts only shine trough kimono. The most elegant and mysterious beauty is the hidden or veiled one and not the bare and exposed one according to aesthetic principle of iki (粋, translatable “style, purity, essence”). This is the classic seduction of Japanese woman. That's why geisha used to make up nape and to be barefoot even in hard winter. Their feet should show the same bright whiteness and delicacy as the snow stomped by their geta sandals. That’s also why female dancers of Nihon Buyō (日本舞踊) – Japanese most ancient dance which has been invented by Shinto goddess Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto (天宇受売命, 天鈿女命) as the Kojiki tells us – dance barefoot without tabi socks and beat rhythm with bare feet.
Whiteness of skin is considered the main characteristic of female beauty since the Heian period (794 - 1185). Japanese women used many substances to get the ideal snow-white skin (色白, irojiro). The most important cosmetics were a rice flour-based white face powder and uguisu no fun (うぐいすの粉, “Japanese Bush Warbler feces”) that is a peculiar material made of guano of Japanese nightingale uguisu which was used as make-up remover too. Light-skinned face clashes in a beautiful way with flaming red lipstick on lips and above all whiteness clashes with black-coloured teeth (お歯黒, ohaguro, "black teeth") which were fashionable among married women since Heian period or perhaps before it until Meiji period (1868 – 1912). Ohaguro was made from tannic powder of gallnuts and kanemizu (かねみず) obtained by fermenting iron filings in an acidic mixture of tea, vinegar and rice wine. Ohaguro made open mouth more charming since it seemed more profound and dark. Nowadays ohaguro almost disappeared in Japan though it still lingers in some parts of South China and of Southeast Asia.
Anyway ideal woman is always far removed from reality, she is an unattainable abstraction. Nowadays as Japanese man lost his proud and brave samurai soul, Japanese woman is not Yamato Nadeshiko anymore. Her typical white colour gave place to other colours up to the recent desecrating fashion of ganguro (顔黒, “Black Face”) who make their skin tanned and their hair blonde or orange. Ganguro girls would like to show their deep detachment from tradition and from the past with black skin colour.
Faded are now the days of pure beauty and of flower woman. Nevertheless there is still a silent and mysterious charm in Japanese womanhood. Something that Japanese young women hide under western style clothing and exaggerated make-up. There is still the "spell of a woman" as the title of the song Onna no Jūmon (女の呪文) by singer Kaji Meiko (梶 芽衣子). She played as actress in many yakuza movies produced by Toei (東映株式会社) in the 1970s. In these films she plays the impenetrable character of a forceful and tremendous woman though tender-hearted. As tradition can't die out, nadeshiko flower of Yamato is still alive with its petals just a bit withered away.


Floriano Terrano









大和撫子
日本女性の理想と現実


「花は桜木、人は武士」(花と言えば桜、人と言えば武士)と言われるように、かつては、理想的な日本人と言えば武士(侍)であった。しかし侍はもういない。それでは日本女性はどうか。日本女性と言えば、絹のような花弁を持つ繊細で純白な花・大和撫子であった。山間部でもしっかりと根を下ろして育つ大和撫子のように、日本女性は強く美しく、同時に謙虚で貞節、賢くあるべきであった。つまり、哲学者・中村正直の言葉を借りると、「良妻賢母」である。では、この日本女性像は今の日本でも見られるのだろうか?
日本は男性社会だと言われている。日本を外から見れば確かにそう思うかもしれない。しかし内側に入っていくと、外から見るのとはまた違う現実があることに気付く。日本文化の中心にいたのは常に女性であったし、今でもそうだ。繊細で魅力的な日本女性こそが、日本の宗教や文学、芸術に影響を与えてきたのだ。 文豪の作品から20世紀の小説家の作品まで、日本文学では女性の美しさが繰り返し描かれてきた。現代文学で描かれている代表的な女性としては、三島由紀夫作『雛の宿』(1953年)に出てくる、どこか雛人形のように神秘的で儚い女性や、川端康成作『片腕』(1933年)に出てくる、自分の片腕を崇拝する男に一夜だけ片腕を「貸し与える」女性、更には安部公房作『砂の女』(1962年)の、打ちひしがれながらも他人を不安にさせる寡婦などが挙げられる。
一方、谷崎潤一郎が描いてきたのは、どこか他人を不安にさせるような神秘性を持った女性で、それは辿り着くことができない女性の心の奥底を象徴する存在でもある。『富美子の足』(1919年)のサディスティックな富美子や、『痴人の愛』(1942年)の気まぐれで、人を誘惑する直美、『母を恋ふる記』(1919年)に出てくる、人の心を奪うという夜の狐のような魅惑的な母親などがそうである。谷崎の作品に登場するあらゆる女性は、美しいが自分の愛人に対してひどく残酷である。彼女らはまさしく崇拝の対象である女神なのだ。
また、多くの浮世絵の絵師たちが「美人畫」を描いてきた。美人画には理想的な女性が描かれており、そのモデルとなったのは江戸の遊郭吉原の女であることが多い。浮世絵師の中でも特に、理想的な女性像を追求したのが喜多川歌麿であった。歌麿の『鏡美人』に描かれている女性は、着物で身体全体を覆いながらも首すじ(項)と足を顕わに人目にさらしている。これは、女性の身体のうち最も魅力的だと見なされていた項を強調するためである。 写真家である星野小麿は、この美人画のテーマを現代に引き継ぎ、芸者の身体から着想を得た『浮世絵くずし』のような作品を生み出している。かつて芸者は逆さ富士の形に項を描いていた。長谷川雪堤の『美女三十二相』に見られる「月のような」「真珠のように滑らかな」項である。『美女三十二相』は特徴的な女性の身体を描いた三十二枚の美人画であるが、この32という数字は、仏陀(悟りを得る人)に成り得る人の人体的特徴を32にまとめた「仏の三十二相」と同数である。女性美が人智を超えた仏の特徴に準えられているのだ。
『瘋癲老人日記』(1961-62年)で、谷崎は女性美を神のように崇めている。主人公の督助は、息子の嫁・颯子の性的な魅力に惹かれるあまり、自分の墓にまるで奈良の薬師寺の仏足石のように颯子の足型を刻み込もうとする。このように谷崎の作品では、女性の足首の美しさが強調されている。例えば『夢浮橋』(1959年)では、金魚が女性の足首にキスをするように纏わりついてくる。ここで描かれている足首は、『美女三十二相』が言う「降り積もった雪のようになめらかな曲線」を持つ、小柄で純粋無垢な、いわば理想的な足首である。
『「いき」の構造』で九鬼周造は、着物で覆われず剥き出しになる項と足首こそが女性の身体で最も重要だと明言している。この「いき」の美学的規範によると、最も洗練され最も神秘的な美とは、隠された美、何かで覆われた美であり、剥き出しで見ることのできる美ではないという。これは日本女性の伝統的な魅力でもある。だから芸者は項に白粉を塗り、寒さの厳しい冬でも素足でいるのだ。芸者の足は、彼女らが下駄で踏む雪のように、白く輝き繊細であった。そしてまた、日本最古の踊りである日本舞踊―『古事記』によると天のうずめの命(天宇受売命、 天鈿女命)の踊りから派生したとされている―の踊り手たちは、足袋も履かずに素足で踊り、裸足でリズムをとっている。
平安時代(794-1185)以降、肌の白さは女性の美にとって最も重要だと見なされていた。日本女性は、理想的な純白さ(色白)を得るために様々なものを用いてきた。最も有名なのは、米粉から作る白粉や、鶯の鳥糞から作り化粧にも使われた、うぐいすの粉である。顔の白さは、紅を塗った唇の赤さと、そして何よりもお歯黒を付けた葉の黒さと絶妙なコントラストになっている。お歯黒は明治時代(1868-1912)まで残っていた既婚女性の間の風習で、開いた口をより深く黒く、魅力的に見せるものであった。今や日本では誰もしなくなったが、中国や南アジア、東南アジアの一部の地域では現在でもお歯黒の風習が残っている。
しかし実際は、理想の女性像は常に現実から遠い存在であり、到達できない幻想でもあった。現代の日本男性が誇り高く勇敢なサムライの魂を失ったように、日本女性はもはや大和撫子ではないのかもしれない。日本女性を象徴していた色白も、最近流行りの日焼けの色やや金髪、ガングロのオレンジ染みた色など、他の色に取って代わられている。ガングロ女性は肌を黒くすることで、日本の伝統と過去に別れを告げているのかもしれない。
今や、純粋な美しさと花のような女性の時代からは遠ざかってしまった。しかし日本女性が持つ女性らしさは、神秘的で物静かな魅力を今でも秘めている。日本の若い女性は、西洋の服装と大げさな化粧の下に、何かを隠し持っているのだ。今でも「魔法のような女性の魅力」というものがある。梶芽衣子の歌う『女の呪文』などは、タイトルからまさにそうである。梶芽衣子は1970年代の東映ヤクザ映画によく出演していたが、そこでは、強く残酷ではあるが、慈しみ溢れる心を持った女性を演じていた。
伝統が死に絶えないように、大和の国の花・撫子は、花弁がちょっと萎れてはいるものの今でも生き続けているのだ。


(Images 3 and 7 copyright by Hoshino Komaro
www.komarohoshino.nichigei-s.com)
(Onna no Jūmon by Kaji Meiko www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjJjKUlLVa4&feature=related)

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