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The last dream of ideal city
Tange Kenzō
the symbol made of architecture
There was a dream in the last papers of Tange Kenzō (丹下健三, 1913 - 2005), one of main contemporary architects: a city which had got long and straight stretch avenues for people only with underground roads for cars. A city which should give human beings back

silence and nature and which should hide the speed and the noise of modern society in its bowels. However dreams, above all those which we desire to be visible and to come true, are destined to stay locked in the mind as perfect and useless awesome constructions. All the projects of an ideal city which is clean, ordered and geometrical as any product of human fantasy will end out being beautiful sketches on the paper, distant from any possibility of real fulfilment.
Passing of Tange Kenzō – on the 22nd of March 2005 in Tokyo - is still too recent to give an overall opinion on the oeuvre by this grand master of contemporary architecture. Some experts extol his innovative function in architecture development from the mid twentieth century, some others belittle his role, stating that he could only make compromise works between a forceful ideal boost and the practical functionality. Anyway all his buildings present a profound symbolic feature, almost expressionistic.
His first big work, one of his most famous too, is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park (広島平和記念公園, Hiroshima heiwa kinen kōen) in the city where the atomic bomb exploded on the 6th of August 1945. It was built in seven years from 1949 to 1956 and it is composed of an auditorium, an hotel and a museum which displays objects and documents on the big explosion which completely deleted Hiroshima. In this complex, along Ōta river (太田川) and near the Aioi bridge (相生橋), there are the ruins of the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall renamed Atomic Bomb Dome (原爆ドーム, Genbaku Dōmu), one of the few buildings not completely pulverized by the atomic wind. Tange himself wanted that

the ruins were neither pulled down nor restored but they should be an everlasting memory of nuclear tragedy. The Memorial Cenotaph, an arch in the shape of a parabola which honours the A-bomb victims, remembers with modern materials the plastic language of ancient haniwa (埴輪), funerary terracotta clay figures set on the top of the aristocratic tumuli of Kofun period (from around 250 to 538). In all the works by Tange there is Japanese artistic tradition seen from a modern viewpoint. Nevertheless he considered Michelangelo and twentieth-century architect Le Corbusier as his masters. Tange’s style, very clear in all his works, was born from the junction between Far Eastern and European traditions, during an eternal and unsolved contrast between the East and the West.
From 1955 to 1957 he involves himself in Sōgetsu Art Center (草月アートセンター, Sōgetsu Kaikan) in Tokyo, the base of a school dedicated to ikebana flower arrangement art. In this building coexist together the antique art of Japanese garden, the classical architecture of West – above all ancient Greece style - and modern creativity of Western masters. In 1963 he finishes the construction of the Catholic cathedral of Tokyo dedicated to St. Mary (東京カテドラル聖マリア大聖堂, Tōkyō Katedoraru Sei Maria Daiseidō). In this building art turns into symbol: structure is in the shape of a big cross sustained by parabola-shaped frameworks, like buttress with gothic taste.
The 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo give Tange a big chance to look for new forms and spatial dimensions so that the Olympic Arena and Small Olympic Arena will be built in Yoyogi National Gymnasium (国立代々木競技場, Kokuritsu Yoyogi Kyōgi-jō).

In 1990 he builds the Fuji TV Building on the artificial island Odaiba in Tokyo. In this work – famous for its 32-m diameter titanium-coated sphere – round and straight shapes join together in an admirable balance structure. This work, together with Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building or Tokyo City Hall (東京都庁舎, Tōkyō Tochōsha or 都庁, Tochō) built in 1991, is one of the symbols of new Tokyo.
The name of the Japanese master early begins to be known abroad too and Tange is called for working in other countries of Asia and of world. In these different countries he confronts himself with pre-existing and very ancient urban situations. Like Italy. A very passionate lover of Rome where he has been many times, he works from Friuli to Milan, where he reorganizes the suburban area of San Donato and where he builds the BMW Italy headquarters, from Bologna where he supervises the building of Quartiere Fiera exposition district to Sicily. His dream of an ideal city cracked against the reality of Naples, where he carries out the plan for the new Centro Direzionale service center, butt of incandescent criticisms, and his dream cracked also against the reality of Catania, where he designed Librino district, the area designed for the socio-economic re-launching of the city. However, if in Napoli the hypermodern structure of the buildings of Centro Direzionale clashes and almost has a fight with the historical palaces of heart of the city, in Catania the Librino district changed into a symbol of urban blight.
Urban and architectural projects by Tange are perfect, too much perfect to be completely achieved. For this reason Tange Kenzō was a pure artist, nearly an ascetic of architecture. That is one of the Japanese style elements of his work nevertheless he considered the great Western architects only as his masters and Le Corbusier above them all. But twentieth-century western architecture owes some stylistic devices to Japanese architecture. In 1953 German

architect Walter Gropius visited Katsura Imperial Villa (桂離宮, Katsura Rikyū) in Kyoto and he was struck with it. He wrote a short postcard from Japan to his friend and colleague Le Corbusier. Gropius wrote that all the architectural innovations made by him and Le Corbusier after many years of study had been attained yet by the architecture of the Rising Sun, which is marvellously summarized in the natural structures of Katsura Imperial Villa. The architecture made of harmonic synthesis between empty and solid spaces and between external and internal spaces – the stile known in West as “rationalism” – was achieved by Japanese architects without abstract theories more than one thousand years before Western architects.
Floriano Terrano
理想都市の最後の夢
丹下健三建築物で作られた象徴
丹下健三建築物で作られた象徴
在においても建築家の中で最も重要な一人である、丹下健三氏(1913-2005)は最後の切り札として夢があった。それは交通渋滞を避ける為に地下に真っ直ぐ伸びた歩行者専用の並木通りの都市設計である。現代社会の象徴でもあるスピードの速さや騒音を奥底にかき消


丹下氏のオリジナル建築スタイルは東洋と西洋の伝統建築物が交差して生まれた。
その特徴が良くわかる建築物は1955年から1957年に作られ東京にある草月会館である。祖月会館は生花の美術館として建てられ、建物自体のスタイルは古代ギリシャからアイディアを得ており、美術館にある庭には日本庭園が設けられておりそこには東洋と西洋が融合した空間が生まれた。1963年に東京に建設されたカトリック教会東京カテドラル聖マリア大聖堂からは芸術とは象徴であるという事が断言できるのではないだろうか。
この教会の形は大きな十字架で構造されておりゴシック建築を思わせるような放物線を描いた、たすけ壁で支えられている。1964年に開かれた東京オリンピックではより新しい建築物を生み出す機会を得た。オリンピ


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